1. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 1-4 (2011)

DEMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH LICHEN PLANUS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Khademi, H., Asilian, E., Asilian, A. and Shariat, S.

Department of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan; Iran. sheilapath@gmail.com

Abstract: Lichen planus is recognized as an itchy papulosquamous disorder that ususaly affects middle-aged people. Although LP can occur in any age, it is more frequently reported to occur in patients aged 30-60 years. In addition to the cutaneous eruption, LP can involve the mucous membranes, the genitalia, the nails, and the scalp. In the current study, we evaluated the demographic characteristics of  68 patients with LP lesions in Iran. All of the patients were examined carefully for presence of cutaneous or mucosal lesions of LP. In any doubtful cases, biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS ver 13.00 and statistical tests including t-student, Ki square, ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis Test. 40 cases (58.8%) were female and 28 cases (41.2%) were male .The mean of age in the all of the patients was 42.55+13.03 yrs old.  The mean of age was 36.92+ 12.28 yrs and 46.5+ 12.19 yrs in the males and females, respectively and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.002). The mean of age was 38.15+12.72, 48+13.2 and 43.54+12.09 yrs old in the patients with only cutaneous, only mucosal and both cutaneous and mucosal lesions (p=0.04) 2 cases had concomitant cancer and 4 cases had autoimmune disorders. To better clarify the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of Lichen planus in Iran, we recommend a more extensive study.

2. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 5-8 (2011)

COMPLETE HEALING OF THE CHRONIC CUTANEOUS LEISH-MANIASIS LESION FOLLOWING COMBINATION TREATMENT WITH “SYSTEMIC GLUCANTIME AND ORAL FLUCONAZOLE AND 50% TCA PEELING:  A CASE REPORT

Nilforoushzadeh, M. A., Haftbaradaran, E.  And  Siadat, A. H.

Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran. Skin and Stem cell Research Center. E mail: Amirhossein1@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this case report, we present a patient with chronic lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis who was resistant to conventional treatment. We treated him successfully with combination of glucantime fluconazole and TCA peeling. No remaining significant scar was left after treatment.

3. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 9-11 (2011)

EVALUATION OF EFFICACY OF DEET REPELLENT PEN IN CONTROL OF LEISHAMANIASIS IN A MILITARY AREA

Saberi, S., Nilfroushzadeh, M.A., Zamani, A.R., Hejazi, S.H., Siadat, A.H., Motamedi, N., Bahri Najafi, R., Rahimi, E. and Zolfaghari Baghbaderani, A.

Department of Parasitology, Department of preventive medicine, Department of Dermatology, Skin iseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Center  for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical  Sciences, Tehran. E. mail:  Amirhossein1@yahoo.com

Abstract: In present communication the efficacy and stability of repellent, N,N-diethyl-mtoluamide (DEET) has been investigated against leishmaniasis transmitting sand fly. The trial was carried out in 430 high school students of local area. This compound has been used for more than forty years, but the present study did not give in conclusive results.

4. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 13-16 (2011)

EVALUATION OF  EFFICACY OF DIODE LASER IN  HIRSUTISM

Nilforoushzadeh, M.A., Jaffary, F., Rafiee, S. and Siadat, A.H.

Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E mail: Amirhossein1@yahoo.com

Abstract: There is lack of data about efficacy of diode laser for treatment of unwanted hairs in Iranian decent. To determine the efficacy of diode laser in removing unwanted hair, the current study was performed. It was a prospective clinical trial. Totally, 58 patients (all female) were selected. Informed consent was obtained form all patients. Patients who used any type of medication for hirsutism were excluded. For this study, Diode laser (Nidek EpiStar Diode Laser System, 800nm, 5mm spot size, pulse duration 200 msec) was used. The first session was performed using fluence of 42-61 j/cm2, and if  there was no severe reaction, 4 sessions of laser treatment was performed at 1-1.5 month interval. The patients were followed 4 month after the last session of treatment. For comparison of the response in different skin types, ANOVA test and for determination of response according to fluence and age of patients, Pearson and Spearman test were used. The mean of hair reduction at the last follow-up was 64% (1%-94%). The mean of responses were 61.36% ± 20.24%, 61.33% ± 21.34% and 64.05%21.73% in skin types II, III and IV, respectively. These difference were not significant statistically (p>0.05). Regarding side effects, 20 patients had transient erythema immediately after laser. In addition, hyperpigmentation was observed in 3 patients. The mean efficacy of diode laser was calculated to be 64% and the most response was observed in the patients with skin type IV (70.4%). However, there was no significant association between skin type of patients and response to treatment.

 
5. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 17-23 (2011)

EFFECT OF SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON CHLORPYRIFOS TOLERANT BACTERIA FROM CULTIVATED SOILS

Sumit Kumar

Biotechnology Department, V. V. P. Engineering College, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005.
E. mail: btsumit@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study investigated the effect of various soil physicochemical properties on the native chlorpyrifos-tolerant bacterial density in the cultivated soils of Rajkot district of Gujarat. Out of the four soil physical properties considered, bulk density showed negative correlation while the rest three viz. porosity, soil moisture and electrical conductivity showed positive correlation. However, except soil moisture (R2 = 0.625), none of the soil physical properties showed significant effect on chlorpyrifos-tolerant bacterial density, as indicated by their lower values of R-square. Similarly, out of four soil chemical properties examined, only pH showed negative correlation and the remaining three viz. organic C, organic N and available P showed positive correlation. Except soil pH, the three other chemical properties of soil showed very significant effect on the abundance of chlorpyrifos-tolerant bacteria in the soil. The results of the present study can be utilized for the development of effective bioremediation process for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil.

6. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 25-30 (2011)

DETERMINATION OF MESH SIZE FOR SIEVING OF VERMICOM-POST WITHOUT COCOONS AND INCUBATION MEDIUM FOR COCOONS PRODUCED BYTHREE SPECIES OF EARTHWORM

Murali,  M. and Neelanarayanan, P.

Centre for Eco-Friendly Agro-Technologs (Vermibiotechnology), Department of Zoology Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti -621 007, Tamil Nadu. E mail:  srialyyam@rocketmail.com

Abstract: The processed mixed leave’s litter were mixed with cured cow dung at 50:50 concentrations and filled in three sets of plastic trays (each set had nine trays). Each tray (45x15x30cm) had 4 kg of predigested waste i.e., 2 kg of cow dung and 2 kg of leaves’ litter. In each set of nine trays, individually, hundred healthy  chosen three species of adult earthworm  (Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Lampito mauritii), were introduced. The vermicompost produced by each species of these earthworms from nine trays were sieved by using 2 mm (1-3 trays); 3mm (4-6 trays) and 4 mm (7-9 trays) mesh size sieve. The vermicompost and residues were collected separately in containers. Later they were weighed individually and both the vermicompost and residues were checked for the presence / absence of cocoons separately and if they were found counted and recorded. The mean conversion ratio of waste into vermicompost was found to be marginally high in L. mauritii when compared to other two worms’ conversion. Further, two sets of nine trays were taken and they were divided in to three subsets. The first, second and third subsets of three trays each were used with the sieved out vermicompost produced by these animals. Of the nine trays of second set, three trays each were filled with sieved residues as incubation medium. Then 100 cocoons of each species of earthworm  were placed in first, second and third sets of trays (both vermicompost and residues as incubation mediums) respectively. The results indicated that the VC obtained by using 3 mm mesh size sieve had comparatively nil or less number of cocoons than the other two mesh sizes. The residues were determined as the best medium for incubation of cocoons as there were more numbers of  hatchlings/young ones observed and their mean body length were higher when compared to VC incubation medium.

7. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 31-38 (2011)

SPIDER DIVERSITY IN THE WAN SANCTUARY OF MELGHAT TIGER RESERVE

Bhatkar, N. V.

Department of Zoology, Shri Shivaji College, AKOT (MS) INDIA 444101.
E-mail: bhatkarneha@hotmail.com

Abstract: Melghat Tiger Reserve (MTR) is located in Satpuda Hill ranges of Maharashtra state. It comprises of four sanctuaries viz- Melghat Sanctuary, Wan Sanctuary, Narnala Sanctuary and Ambabarwa Sanctuary and Gugamal National Park. Wan Sanctuary in the MTR is spread over 211 square kilometers in Dharni and Chikhaldara Tahasils of Amravati district of the Maharashtra state. The attempt has been made to explore the spider world of the Wan Sanctuary. Spiders belonging to 17 different families were recorded. Study show that spiders belonging to the Family Araneidae, Lycosidae, saltacidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnathidae, Nephilidae, Uloboridae and Eresidae are found in abundance. 

8. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 39-45 (2011)

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF  THE DRINKING WATER IN AHMEDABAD CITY OF GUJARAT

Suthar, M.B., Mesariya, A.R. and Prajapati, K.R.

Biology Department, K. K. Shah Jarodwala  Maninagar Science College, J. L. Trust Campus, Rambaug, Maninagar, Ahmedabad - 380 008, Gujarat, India. E. mail: sutharmb@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: Pollution of natural sources is a serious problem in India. The present study is associated with water quality evaluated from 22 areas of Ahmedabad city of Gujarat state during January, 2010. Ahmedabad is the largest city of Gujarat and located at 23.03 0N and 72.58 0E. Total 56 tap water samples were studied. Samples were analyzed by standard methods, data were subjected to correlation matrix and compared with Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) drinking water standards. All samples were colorless, odorless and tasteless. Total hardness was within highest desirable limits and having positive correlation with other parameters like calcium and magnesium hardness, chlorinity and salinity. Chlorinity and salinity were either within highest desirable or between highest desirable and maximum permissible limits. Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) showed more number of samples either within desirable or between desirable and maximum desirable limits. There is need of continuous monitoring, especially from tube well source.

9. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 47-50 (2011)

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUGHAL CANAL FLOWING THROUGH KARNAL IN HARYANA

Sharma, M., Kamra, N. and Bhardwaj, P.

Dept. of Zoology, KVA DAV College for Women, Karnal, E-mail: manjuszz@rediffmail.com

Abstract: Physico-chemical characteristics of Mughal canal, Karnal were determined from three sties (Site I, as canal enters the city; Site II, in the middle of the city and Site III, as canal leaves the city) during summer and winter of 2006 and 2007. Variations in temperature, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, sulphites and hardness were recorded fortnightly. Statistically significant variations were recorded during winter and summer for temperature, hardness, sulphites and dissolved oxygen. Variations along the flow of the canal i.e., from station I to III were significant for hardness, sulphites and dissolved oxygen in both the seasons. These water quality parameters shall be discussed in relation to the productivity and capacity to support vegetation. 

10. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 51-53 (2011)

BABBLER NEST PARASITISM BY CRESTED COOKOO

Sharma, R.K. and Sharma, M.

Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra136 119. E. mail: rkszookuk@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: In present short communication klepto-parasitism behaviour of crested cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus pica) is reported. Field observations at Jummu in the month of September 2008 and at Kurukshetra University Campus during October 2008, it is found that during breeding season crested cuckoo laid its eggs in the nest of Babblers (Turdoides caudatus). Since the eggs are of similar.  Babblers are unable to detect the difference and hatch the eggs for eleven to twelve days and feed the fledglings of crested cuckoo along with its own ones.

11. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 55-59 (2011)

WATER QUALITY  ASSESSMENT OF HARNI  POND OF VADODARA (GUJARAT)

Parikh, A.N.  and Mankodi, P.C.

Division of Fishery and Aquatic Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Varodara.390 002. E-Mail- ankita_jsk@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: Limnology is related to the study of various aspects of freshwater ecosystems, within continental boundaries. The freshwater resources have deteriorated both in quality and quantity in many ways, and there is presence of pathogens which are responsible for causing diseases like dysentery, typhoid, and cholera etc. The quality of water is characterized by various physico-chemical parameters. These parameters change widely due to many factors like source of water, type of pollution, seasonal fluctuations etc. Correlation among these parameters can be obtained rapidly by using the simple linear regression equation of type Y=A + Bx. The purpose of this study was to generate sufficient baseline data on water quality to define current limnological conditions of the pond. Harni, the urban pond, is the main source of water supply for drinking, bathing, sewage dumping and for many other human activities. Overall quality of water was within normal range, pH was near alkaline, dissolved salts and gases were recorded within normal range. Dissolved nutrients amount was little more than required which may be attributed to infestation to aquatic weeds.  Here the data are presented graphically and correlation is established among various parameters.

12. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 61-65 (2011)

SOIL CELLULASE ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF ENDOSULFAN AND CHLORPYRIFOS

Sumit Kumar

Biotechnology Department, V.V.P. Engineering College, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005.
E. mail: btsumit@gmail.com

Abstract: The effects of two different pesticides viz. chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) and endosulfan (an organochlorine cyclodiene) were evaluated on cellulase activity in cultivated soil of Rajkot region of Gujarat. Endosulfan and chlorpyrifos application lead to significant increase in cellulase activity till second and third week of treatment respectively, compared to untreated control. In comparison to control, the activity of cellulase increased to 29% and 36% in presence of 10 ppm each of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos, respectively, after 14 days. The combined effect of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan showed stimulatory effect at lower concentration, while inhibitory effect at higher concentration. The maximum inhibition (28%) in soil cellulase activity was noticed in presence of 50 ppm each of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan after 7 days of treatment.

13. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 67-71 (2011)

HAEMATOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO SUBLEATHAL CONCENTRA-TION OF TEXTILE MILL EFFLUENTS IN A FRESH WATER TELEOST OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS (PETERS)

Poornima, K., Venkateswarlu, M. and Vasudevan, K.

Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002.
E. mail: drkvasudevan@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of the textile industrial effluents (TIE) impact on fish haemotological and biochemical changes in teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus were studies. Fish (35-40g) were exposed to subleathal concentration (LC0) of TIE for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. TIE exposure reduced haemoglobin content (Hb) and haematocrit value (Hct) significantly. However, WBC, RBC were significantly increased, plasma glucose levels significantly increased in treatment groups during 7, 14 and 21 day of exposure, on 28 and 35th day showed mixed results. Plasma protein levels decreased in the treated fish. The alterations of these   parameters are discussed non-specific biomarkers against TIE stress related changes in aquatic organisms.

14. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 73-77 (2011)

PLANT EXTRACTS AS BIOTERMITICIDES

Rupal, A.V., Savalia, D.M. and Narasimhacharya, A.V.R.L.

Laboratory for Animal Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh
Vidyanagar 388 120, Gujarat. E. mail: narasimhacharya@yahoo.com

Abstract: Although termites contribute significantly to the ecosystems, they also cause serious damage to crops, structures and buildings. Use of synthetic chemicals results in various side effects, such as- entry into food chain and water resources that create health hazards for humans and animals. Persistent use of chemical termiticides is therefore an environmental concern and natural products are preferred over synthetic chemicals because of their biodegradability and less or no harmful effects. The present study was undertaken  to examine  the potential of bark extracts of certain plants i.e., Delonix regia, Polyalthia longifolia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Samanea saman, Cassia siamea and Pithecellobium dulce as termiticides. The bark was extracted using different solvents (chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate, n-Hexane and distilled water) and the extracts were tested at three concentrations i.e., 0.5, 1 and 5 %. A no choice assay method was selected and tested for termite mortality for 24 and 48 hrs. Results revealed that the chloroform extracts were most potent followed by methanol, ethyl acetate, n- Hexane and distilled water. Further, among the plants tested, Delonix regia exhibited the highest potential as a termiticidal agent followed by Samanea saman, Cassia siamea, Pithecellobium dulce, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Polyalthia longifolia.

15. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 79-84 (2011)

EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN TEXTILE EFFLUENTS IN RELATION TO SOIL AND POND WATER

Poornima, K., Vasudevan, K. and Venkateshwarlu, M.

Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002.
E. mail: drkvasudevan@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present study, impact of textile effluents and their consequent impact on accumulation of some selected metals (Na, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) in water and soil samples in and around Manipal industrial area Karnataka were studied. Concentration of metals in textile effluents (SI), sediments (SII), adjacent polluted pond water (SIII) and water and soil samples from reference site (SIV) were measured by atomic absorption  spectrophotometer. The results showed elevated levels of Na, K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn in the water samples from SI, SIII and soil samples from SII. The data showed that the textile effluents containing elevated levels of Cr and Pb having concentration of 3.488 mg/kg and 1.617 mg / kg respectively other metals such as Zn, Ni, Mn and Fe were found elevated levels in SII and SIII. The heavy metal accumulation in water and soil samples from SII and SIII was found in the following order. Soil > effluents > pond water. The estimated toxic heavy metals levels in three different stations are compared with water and soil samples from the reference site (SIV). Selected metal concentrations in SIV were well within the safe limit laid down by WHO. The comparison indicated that soil in the adjoining industrial area (SII) had accumulated enhanced levels of toxic metals such as Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb, which also manifested higher concentration levels in the adjacent polluted pond water samples. The soil and pond water in proximity to the industries have accumulated high concentration of toxic metals in SI, SII and SIII, with elevated levels in three media far exceeding the limit for their safe use laid down by WHO.  

16. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 85-90 (2011)

NESTING BEHAVIOUR OF CROCODYLUS  PALUSTRIS (LESSON)AND PROBABLE SURVIVAL BENEFITS DUE TO THE VARIED NEST STRUCTURES

Bayani, A.S., Trivedi, J.N. and Suresh, B.

Division of Avian Biology and Wildlife Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara  390 002. E. mail: suved9@hotmail.com;

Abstract: River Vishwamitri, although passing through densely populated areas of Vadodara city, supports a healthy breeding population of Crocodylus palustris. An extensive study for a period of one year resulted in perceiving four different kinds of nests having quite different and unique features associated with their typical and discrete usage. Based upon the nest architecture, the nests could be defined as Funnel Nest, Simple Tunnel Nest, Chamber Nest and Tunnel Nest with Doorsill. All the nest types served different purposes likewise, the Funnel Nests were mainly used by the adult crocodiles for resting whereas the Chamber Nests were used for egg laying. The Tunnel Nest with a Doorsill perhaps served a dual purpose of providing a hiding place for the hatchlings in the initial days and also preventing the entry of water into the nest hole. Nesting behaviour was studied extensively and a few physical parameters like the ambient temperature and humidity were recorded on a periodic basis and were correlated with the nest architecture. Population trend revealed that the choice of nest site and the type of nest has crucial role in the survival of the species.

17. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 91-98 (2011)

COMPARATIVE IN SILICO AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA OF BACILLUS OLERONIUS STRAIN ISOLATED FROM PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED SOIL

Edward, A., Melchias, G.,  Eby, J. and Linson, T.

Department of Biotechnology, St Joseph’s College, Trichy  620002, Tamilnadu.
E. mail: gmelchias@yahoo.in 
Abstract: Petroleum contamination is a major environmental quandary which affects the biotic and abiotic conditions of ecosystem, thus significantly generating stress for the aboriginal microorganisms. In this study, an attempt was undertaken to isolate bacterial strain from the petroleum contaminated soil. The strain was identified as Bacillus oleronius by 16S rRNA sequencing. The 16S rRNA sequence of our strain and other prior submitted 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil were retrieved and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that our bacterial strain has formed specific clade with other bacillus species. Multiple alignment of 16S rRNA sequence of our bacterial strain with other phylogenetically related bacillus species has revealed that the conserved regions found in the nucleotide positions of 221 to 438 and 478 to 588.  Consensus RNA secondary prediction based on the conserved regions of 16S rRNA was carried out using RNACast software tools. Results of our experiment has revealed that the conserved regions of 16S rRNA may play a critical role in the organic solvent tolerance and heavy metal resistance of petroleum dwelling bacteria.

18. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 99-104 (2011)

TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHLOROPYRIFOS ON EARTHWORM AND SOIL FERTILITY

Bansiwal, K.,  Kurawar, R., Rai, N. and Rathor, D.S.

Department of Environmental Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001.
E. mail: vinitabansi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to characterize the effect of chloropyrifos on earthworm morphology and soil fertility. Four different doses of chloropyrifos viz. 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05% and 0.075% were decided for the experiment conducted. These doses are also used in agricultural practices. The results show different morphological changes as well as slow activity in earthworm, Eisenia foetida. The remarkable changes were observed in different soil physico-chemical parameters like, pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and chloride after exposure of chloropyrifos.

19. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 105-108 (2011)

VERMIWASH OF THREE CONVENTIONAL COMPOSTING SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS AND ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Murali, M. and Neelanarayanan, P.

Centre for Eco-friendly Agro-Technologies (Vermibiotechnology), Research Department of Zoology,
Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti -621 007, Tiruchirappalli District,
Tamil Nadu. E. mail: srialyyam@rocketmail.com

Abstract: Conventional composting earthworms viz., E . eugeniae, P. excavatus and L.  mauritii of known weight ie., 750 g each were taken separately in trays for the preparation of single species vermiwash; and similarly 250 g each of these three species were taken collectively in a tray for the preparation of poly species vermiwash. They were immersed in 750ml of Luke warm water (370C to 400C) for about 60 seconds and agitated by hand; coelomic fluids oozed out through the dorsal pores/skin were mixed with water. This was followed by immersion of the same earthworms separately in 750 ml of water with ideal temperature range in vermiculture conditions  (250C to 30oC). This helped earthworms to overcome the shock and the fluid sticking to their body was allowed to mix with water. These earthworms were later released in to the vermicomposting bins. No harm was done to earthworms except a mild shock. The vermiwash of each species and poly-species of earthworms was mixed (Luke warm water + normal tap water) separately and designated as the real vermiwash. The collected fresh vermiwash (Mono and poly species) was stored in labelled containers. Chemical nutrients’ composition of each vermiwash was quantified for two consecutive months. The results indicated that the quantity of macronutrients and micronutrients of the vermiwash during both months were found to be more or less similar. Therefore, it is suggested that the prepared vermiwash may be stored for two months before being used as a foliar spray on various crops. However, long term studies are required to determine its shelf life based on the magnitude of composition of chemical nutrients and microorganisms. Further, studies on the effects of both mono-species and poly-species vermiwash on various crops are also required.

20. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 109-112 (2011)

BUTTERFLIES OF AMBOLI  RESERVED FOREST WESTERN GHATS MAHARASHTRA

Bharmal, D.L., Aland, S.R., Mamlayya, A.B. and Bhawane, G.P.

Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004. E. mail: mamlayya@rediffmail.com

Abstract: Efforts were made to study the butterflies of Amboli Reserved Forest of Western Ghats Maharashtra in 2008- 2010. During the surveys and collection 107 species and subspecies distributed over 82 genera belonging to eight families of butterflies were reported. Family Lycaenidae was dominant with 29 species followed by families Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Satyridae, Danaidae and Riodinidae with 23, 14, 14, 10, 11, 05 and 01 species and subspecies respectively. Out of them 9 species are under schedule I and II and 03 species are endemic.

21. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 113-117 (2011)

FLORAL DIVERSITY OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM FROM COASTAL ENVIRONMENT OF URAN (RAIGAD), NAVI MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA

Pawar, P. R.

Veer Wajekar Arts, Science and Commerce College, Mahalan Vibhag, Phunde  400 702, Tal. Uran
(Dist. Raigad), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. E. mail: prpawar1962@rediffmail.com

Abstract: Mangrove forests are among the world’s most productive ecosystems and are the only forests situated at the confluence of land and sea in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Mangroves are one of the biologically diverse ecosystems in the world, rich in organic matter and nutrients and support very large biomass of flora and fauna. With continuing degradation and destruction of mangroves, there is a critical need to understand the biodiversity of the mangrove ecosystems. Mangroves represent spirit of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai - they are plucky survivors. Each day, millions of citizens in Mumbai pass these hardy plants imaging they are little more than dirty, muddy weeds growing pointlessly along the shoreline. Overexploitation and unsustainable demand has resulted in considerable degradation of mangrove areas and it is feared that the area under mangroves around Mumbai areas has dwindled by 35% in the last 25 years and only about 20 Km2 of mangroves exist today. During this study, 4 species of true mangroves representing 3 genera and 3 families, 10 species of mangrove associates belonging to 8 genera and 6 families and 1 species of non-mangrove halophytes were recorded from the mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. At present, coastal environment of Uran shows moderate mangrove density but in coming few years, area around Uran coast will be dominated by intense industrialization and urbanization. In such circumstances, pollution of Uran coast cannot be ignored. Therefore, data presented in this paper can be taken as a base line data for better management of these natural resources.

22. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 119-128 (2011)

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT OF ASIATIC LION HABITAT NECESSITATES DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCE POTENTIALS IN GIR PROTECTED AREA OF GUJARAT, INDIA

Vachhrajani, K.D., Mankodi, P.C., Patel, P.P. and Patel, A.S.

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat. E. mail: kauresh@gmail.com

Abstract: The dry deciduous Gir forest has typical physiography where the surface and subsurface water rapidly drains towards the sea. Thus, Gir PA (protected area) is water scarce zone. The essential work components include studies to enhance the potentials of surface water availability and groundwater recharge, to survey structures for their suitability such that they would develop the recharge and make available surface and groundwater during the peak summer periods, to develop the stream channel for recharge potentiating and the bank area for water draft structures. The present studies attempt to calculate the quantum of recharge possible. The Gir PA is drained by four major rivers. Therefore, a basin and sub-basin-wise approach of water resource potential development is proposed. Total 117 Mm3 from 830 km2 catchments of the Gir PA has been harnessed in the four irrigation reservoirs. Several check-dams and cause-ways are constructed in Gir PA to generate water source for local supply. No direct estimation of the groundwater potential for the Gir PA is available. Based on the rainfall data, hydrogeological formations and hydrogeomorphic characteristics, the recharge potentials for the Gir PA are derived at different rainfall dependability. Against the available potentials of water at 90 % dependable rainfall of 200 Mm3, the annual demand of water by all the inhabitants of Gir PA is about 5 Mm3 only. However, this much water is also not available to the wildlife at the suitable nearest water point throughout the year. It is realized that ample surface resource is restricted to short monsoon period only and the entire hard rock terrain is not dependable for perennial groundwater supply. In view of these facts, the concepts of water source development are discussed.

23. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 129-134 (2011)

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF BIVALVE IN INTERTIDAL REGION OF NORTHERN GULF OF KACHCHH

Kardani, H.K., Thivakaran, G.A. and Mankodi, P.C.

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science. M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat

Abstract: The bivalve molluscans of the Northern Gulf of Kachchh were studied at three station named Sanghi, Mundra and Mandvi during 2007- 09. A total of 16 species from 10 families and 13 genera were recorded during study. The density of bivalve molluscs was ranged from 167-1202/m2. Few species like Crossostrea sp., Crossostrea edulis, Ostrea edulis, Saccostrea cucullata , Solen lamarcki, Tellina emarginata, Meretrix casta and Paphia malbarica were more frequently encountered. Among these 4 species were more abundant numerically i.e. Crossostrea sp., Crossostrea edulis, Ostrea edulis and Saccostrea cucullata. Species like Lingula translucida and Cucullea cucullata were reported only 1 or 2 times during the study. The Shannon diversity index H was ranged from 0.84 to 1.92 among all three stations during study period. Highest diversity was recorded from Mundra during Monsoon in 2007-08. Season wise higher diversity was seen during monsoon (1.61) followed by summer (1.77) and winter (1.26) . Station wise Sanghi (1.46) reports higher diversity followed by Mandvi (1.41) and Mundra (1.27).

24. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 135-141 (2011)

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF ESTUARY AND THEIR ADJOINING MANGROVE HABITAT FROM BHATYE, RATNAGIRI (M.S.)

Lagade V.M., Taware S.S. and Muley D.V.

Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004. E-mail: vmlagade47@rediffmail.com

Abstract: The present work was undertaken to study the various physico-chemical properties of non-mangrove area (site I) and adjoining mangrove area (site II) of Bhatye estuary, Ratnagiri. The water samples were collected for the period of January, 2009 to December, 2009. In physico-chemical parameters, the atmospheric temperature was found maximum during May, while minimum atmospheric temperature was observed during September at both sites. The maximum surface water temperature was found during April while minimum during September at site I and during May and September at site II respectively. Highest and lowest value of pH was observed in January and June. Maximum salinity was found during May while minimum in July. Turbidity of water sample was found nil except June-September (monsoon season). Dissolved oxygen concentration was minimum during April and maximum during July at site I while it was minimum during May and maximum during July at site II. The highest value for gross productivity of study area was found during September and lowest during May at both the sites. The inorganic nutrients like, nitrate-nitrogen was maximum during September while minimum during May at both sites, whereas the phosphate-phosphorous concentration level was high during July and low during May at both the sites. In present work, the results of pH, turbidity, salinity and dissolved oxygen were higher at site I than site II and gross primary productivity and inorganic nutrients like Nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorous were maximum at site II (mangrove) than site I (estuary).

25. Electronic Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4: 143-148 (2011)

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION OF INHABITANTS OF BELLANDUR LAKE AREA, BANGALORE: A CASE STUDY

Chandrashekar, J.S., Nagaraja, B.C. and Somashekar, R.K.

Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore UniversityJnana Bharathi, Bangalore - 560 056. E. mail: jnuchandu@gmail.com

Abstract: Bellandur Lake is 130 years old and spreads across an area of 892 acres under the maintenance of Minor Irrigation Department was transferred to the Forest Department. Bellandur villagers opined apart from its use for drinking and agricultural purposes, the tank had been breeding place for thousands of birds, which migrate here from different parts of country. In recent years the migration of the birds was not seen perhaps due to pollution in the lake. The decrease in crop yield was also reported owing to change in water quality. Up to 75% decrease in crop yield observed in Panathur and Bellandur, while a decrease of 50% was seen in Kariyammana Agrahara and Kadabisanahall villages. Studies have revealed that the tank water is unfit for drinking or irrigation due to water pollution and contaminated with E. coli. Further, the people of the village as well as livestock were severely affected with skin diseases after using the contaminated water. The villagers responded well towards tank conservation activities. Wetland action is an initiative, which supports the sustainable management of wetlands in an ecologically sound and socially sensitive manner. Wetland Action Committee had been formed particularly to enhance the synergy between field research and implementation and assist collaboration between the different levels of activity such as local non-government organizations supporting community-based initiatives, bilateral or multilateral assistance through government agencies and collaboration and exchange with research organizations