1.    Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research  17(3) 6217-6221 (2017)
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Fast and effective role of nanotechnology in health care system: A review

 Gupta, P. D.  and Sood, P. P.

Adjunct Professor, Manipal University, Manipal, (Karnataka), Rtd. Director Grade Scientist, Center of Cell and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad (Telangana). E. mail pdg2000@hotmail.com

Abstract: Multifunctional nanotechnology plays an important role in complex health care system. By applying nanotechnological  finding the health care system has improved in almost all disciplines of the system: it has made significant improvements in clinical diagnostics, drug designing and delivery systems. Certain chronic, metabolic and infectious diseases are better managed by nanotechnological methods. Further, there is lot of scope of further research in integration of these two disciplines.

Key words: Nanotechnology, Health care
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2.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research  17(3) 6223-6229 (2017)
 
Raphnus sativus seed effect on calcium-oxalate induced nephrolithiasis in mice

Shushni, M.A.M., Treesh, S.A.,  Elghedamsi, M.T.,  Al-Arbed, A.A., Zeghwan, S.A.  and Aburawi, S.M.

Department of  Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of  Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya. E. mail: smaburawi@gmail.com

Abstract: Traditional herbal treatments is used for prevention and/or treatment of urolithiasis with less expense and perhaps fewer side effects. Urolithiasis is considered the most common urinary tract diseases. Raphanus sativus, (Brassicaceae) is consumed throughout the world. Traditionally, the plant has been recommended as an antiurolithic. The present study was undertaken to evaluate its effectiveness as an antiurolithic against expeimentally calcium oxalate induced nephrolithiasis in albino mice. Phytochemical and histopathological analysis were carried out. Raphanus sativus seeds extract was rich in saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, and phenolic compounds; while with limited amount of flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids. Histological examination of kidney showed that, Raphanus sativus seeds extract has very potent antiurolithiatic activity. Antiurolithiatic effects of Raphnus sativus seed extract may be mediated possibly through a combination of calcium oxalate crystal inhibition, antioxidative, diuretic activity, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Further clinical studies are required to evaluate efficacy and safety of Raphnus sativus seed extract in human beings.

Key words:  Raphnus sativus seed,  Nephrolithiasis,  Calcium-oxalate stone
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3.    Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6231-6238 (2017)

In vitro axillary bud breaking of nodal segments of Bambusa nagalandiana Naithani and production of clonal planting materials: A threatened commercially important species

 Deb, C.R.,  Santam, T.L. and Jamir, N.S.

Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami 798 627  (Nagaland), India. E. mail: debchitta@rediffmail.com
 
Abstract: Bambusa nagalandiana is an ornamentally and commercially important endemic bamboo species of Nagaland. Due to limited distribution and over-exploitation, the species is under threat. The present study was undertaken to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation through  axillary buds sprouting . Nodal segments collected during spring (March-May) and cultured on MS medium fortified with sucrose (3%) and benzyl adenine (BA) (9 µM). Under optimum condition ~72% explants responded positively and ~3.5 shoot buds released per node. For in vitro morphogenesis kinetin was found to be inferior over BA. The shoots buds resulted from nodal explants were proliferated in subsequent subcultures on MS medium enriched with sucrose and BA (12 µM) and naphthalene acetic acid (3 µM) in combination where ~71.9% shoot buds proliferated and average shoot length was ~5.3 cm. Micro shoot cluster with 2-3 shoots rooted on nutrient medium conjunct with indole butyric acid (12 µM). About 52% micro shoots rooted and average roots per micro shoot was 4.2 and mean root length was 4.1 cm. The regenerates hardening and the potted regenerates were acclimatized under poly house condition ca. ~75% shading. The transplants were transferred to the open field after three months, where ~80% transplants registered survival. 

Key words: Bambusa nagalandiana, Axillary bud propagation
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4.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6239-6242 (2017)

A comparative gelatin zymography of matrix metalloproteinases in serum of native  sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu

Balamurugan, T.C.,  Prakash Krupakaran, R.,  Kibson, C.,  Rajendiran, S.,  Iswarya, R. and Perumal, P.

Department of Veterinary Physiology, TANUVAS-Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Thanjavur 614 625, Tamil Nadu. E. mail: perumalponraj@gmail.com,
 
Abstract: A comparative study was undertaken to study the gelatinase activity through gelatin zymography in serum of various native sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu.  Six adult male and female native breed sheep viz. Ramnad white, Sevvadu, Kilakarisal, Vembur, Mecheri and Pattinam were selected. Blood samples were collected, homogenated, filtered and subjected to gelatin zymography. In gelatin zymography, the presence of three prominent bands at 220, 92 kDa of MMP-9 and 72 kDa of MMP-2 were obviously observed for all sheep breeds. All the three forms are proteolytically active, degraded the gelatin. Both latent forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were exhibited and the latent bands were observed as thicker bands than the active form. The intensity of 72 kDa of MMP-2 was 3-5 times higher than 92 kDa of MMP-9. The level of expression of 72 kDa of MMP-2 was constant as compared to 92 kDa of MMP-9. In all the groups, 135 homodimer or MMP-9 was also observed. Further, in Mecheri and Pattinam groups showed maximum gelatinolytic activity as compared to marker by showing more intensity in 72 kDa of MMP-2. In addition, the 62 kDa of MMP-2 was also observed. The level of expression of 72 kDa band was constant compared to that 92 KDa. It was concluded that there was no-significant difference between the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in both the sexes of each breed. Further, there is more up regulation of MMP-2 mediated through MMP-9 activity observed in sheep serum. It was inferred that the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were to be correlated with reproductive status of individual animal as MMP played extensive role in tissue remodelling and extra cellular degradation.

Key words: Metalloproteinases, Sheep breeds, Gelatinase
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5.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6243-6252 (2017)

Exploration of L. fermentum Vrac_01 microencapsulation by spray drying technique for their use as probiotic

Thummar, A.C. and Ramani, V.M.

Dairy Microbiology Department, College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Amreli (Gujarat). 
E. mail: vimalmramani@gmail.com
   
Abstract: Microencapsulation can carried out by many techniques but spray drying is promising, reliable, low coast and quick technique compare to others.. In many functional foods L. fermentum VRAC_01 is used as a probiotic microorganism. Spray drying microencapsulated powder of probiotic organism increase survival rate of organism during  storage, increase the shelf-life of product and micro particle optimal size increase dispersion of probiotic bacteria in final product. In this paper, we have used spray drying technique with three encapsulated material viz. 11 % non-fat skimmed milk solution (SKNF 11%), 20 % non-fat skimmed milk solution (SKNF 20 %) and soy milk plus 10 % maltodextrin solution (SMMD 10 %).  During spray drying process inlet air temperature was 110 oC, outlet air temperature was 70 oC and aspiration flow rate 70 Nm3/h and feed pump flow rate 1ml/min were maintained. Parameter like particle size analysis (PSA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), moister content, water activity, acid tolerance and bile salt tolerance of L. fermentum VRAC_01 encapsulated powder and free cell without encapsulated (control) were perform. Viable count of same organism were studied at before and after spray drying process, as well as time interval of 30 days and 60 days.
 

Key word: Microencapsulation. Spray drying, Soy Milk, L. fermentum ..................................................................................................................................................................

6.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6253-6256 (2017)

Effect of cold pre-treatment on rice anthers for callus regeneration frequency of Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties IR 28 and IR 66

 Solanki, R.U. and Kathiria, K.B.

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Anand Agricultural University, Anand  110 (Gujarat).
E. mail: rajpalsinhsolanki9@gmail.com

Abstract: Present study was carried out with the objective to explore the healthy or detrimental effects of cold pre-treatment on callus regeneration frequency of indica rice varieties IR 28 and IR 66. It was found that cold pre-treatment had healthy and promotive effect on the rice anthers in both the varieties, yet varying temperature levels and durations of cold pre-treatment had significant impacts. Both the varieties IR 28 and IR 66 performed well with higher callus induction percentage of 7.5 and 6.0 which were produced at duration of 64.75 and 68.25 days, respectively, when the panicles of both the varieties were subjected to store at 8oC for 8 days.
 

Key words: Anther culture, Callus initiation, Indica rice .....................................................................................................................................................................

7.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6257-6262 (2017)

In vitro callus proliferation and shooting protocols from explants of Phyllanthus virgatus G. forst: A potential medicinal plant

 Salamma, S. and Ravi Prasad Rao, B.

Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003.  (Andhra Pradesh).
 E. mail: biodiversityravi@gmail.com

Abstract: In view of its medicinal importance, a standard regeneration protocol from mature explants has been established for a tropical medicinal herb, Phyllanthus virgatus. Nodes and internodes have shown 60% of shoot induction and 70% of callus induction response on 0.1% HgCl2.  Highest mean callus (43.16±0.33) was found on MS medium supplemented with 2.5mg-l Picloram from internodes. Maximum shoot induction (5.37 ± 0.12) was achieved on MS medium fortified with 0.5mg-l KN + 1.5mg-l Picloram with 87% of sprouting frequency. Maximum mean length of shoots (3.24 ± 0.11) was obtained on MS medium augmented with 0.5mg-l KN + 2mg-l Picloram.

Key words: Phyllanthus virgatus, , Callus induction
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8.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6263-6268 (2017)

Molecular charecterization of HSP70 gene in Kenguri breed of sheep using PCR-SSCP technique

 Dodamani, S., Appannavar, M.M.,  Ramesha, K.P.,  Suranagi,  M.D.,  Tandale, M.K. and Kartikesh, S.M.

Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Hassan  577202  (Karnataka);
E. Mail:  Shri537@gmail.com,

Abstract: PCR-SSCP analysis of HSP70 gene was carried out in Kenguri breed of sheep to characterize HSP70 gene. The fragments consisting exon 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were of 490, 469, 525, 307 and 352 bp size. The exons 2, 3 and 4 of HSP70 gene showed monomorphism with similar pattern in all the 48 animals studied. Two unique SSCP patterns with a pattern frequency of 0.1875 and 0.8125, respectively were observed in fragment 1 comprising Exon1. Two SSCP patterns with a pattern frequency of 0.3541 and 0.6458 were observed in fragment 5 comprising Exon 5 of HSP70 gene.  The analysis of fragment 1comprising Exon 1 revealed T170C (Methionineà Thrionine), A210G (Arginineà Glycine) and G504A (GlycineàArginine) amino acid substitution showing transition while for fragment 5 compromising Exon 5 the observed polymorphisms at G2033C (Glycineà Alanine) amino acid substitution showed transversion. The obtained polymorphism may be a characteristic of kenguri sheep.

Key word: HSP70 gene, Kenguri sheep
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9.    Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6269-6277 (2017)

RNA editing and its role in crop improvement: A review

 Mehraj, U.,  Sheikh, F.A., Ahmad, M.  and Sofi, N.R.

Division of genetics and Plant Breeding, Wadura, Sopore  Kargil,  Sheri- Kashmir University  of Agriculture Science and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India. E. mail: uzmamehrajskuastk@rediffmail.com

Abstract: RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification to nuclear, mitochondrial or chloroplast genome-encoded transcripts and distinct from the events of RNA splicing, capping or polyadenylation and occurs in a wide range of organisms. It was discovered in 1986 in Trypanosoma brucei where uridines were inserted at specific sites in the mitochondrial (kinetoplast) cytochrome C oxidase II (coxII) transcript to restore the proper protein-coding sequence mediated by guide RNA (gRNA), followed by a report that described deletion of uridines in coxIII mRNA. RNA editing by cytidine (C) to uridine (U) conversions is widespread in plant mitochondria and was discovered in chloroplasts two years later. In some plant taxa, “reverse” U-to-C editing also occurs in flowering plants. In Arabidopsis, 43 sites are edited in the chloroplast and 619 in the mitochondria. In many cases, amino acid alterations caused by RNA editing are essential for the expression of functional proteins. Most RNA editing events can restore the evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues in mRNAs or create translation start and stop codons. Therefore, RNA editing is an essential process to maintain genetic information at the RNA level. RNA editing expands the genetic information, thus making the environment more adaptable to the organisms. RNA editing played an important role in the normal mitochondrial function. Cytoplasmic male sterility was induced after transferring unedited atp9 gene into fertile tobacco, and this confirmed the correlation between the RNA editing of atp9 gene and tobacco cytoplasmic male sterility. Individual RNA editing sites are recognized by plant-specific pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins that are encoded in the nuclear genome. These PPR proteins are characterized by repeat elements that bind specifically to RNA sequences upstream of target editing sites and rapid expansion in number of PPR genes permitted RNA editing on a large scale.

Key words: RNA, Crop improvement
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10.  Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6279-6283 (2017)

Loopholes in sperm sexing of farm animals: A review

 Buragohain, L. and Bharali, A.

Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati  781022 (Assam).
E. mail: lukumoni.buragohain54@gmail.com

Abstract: Successful pre-selection of sex before fertilization is pre-requisite to increase the production of either large or small animal farms. In past few decades different investigators have used different properties like charge, size, volume, density, surface antigen etc. of spermatozoa to separate X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa.  But most of the developed sperm sorting techniques to differentiate X and Y sperm are of limiting nature. Among the several techniques developed only one (flow cytometric) could be validated scientifically which is efficient and have accuracy of 85-95 % to resolve discrete sperm population of most farm animals on the basis of DNA content in X and Y sperm. However, sexed semen of cattle is commercially obtainable but it is expensive and have low fertility rate. Thus it opens a new window for the researches to bloom a new effective and inexpensive sperm sorting technique without compromising the fertility.
 
Key words: Sperm sexing
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11.  Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6285-6292 (2017)

Biology and biotechnology of mango (Mangifera indica L.) with reference to in vitro cell and tissue culture in endangered and endemic cultivars:  A review

 Bimal, R. and Singh, A.K.

Biotechnology Lab, University Department of Botany, B.R.A  Bihar University, Muzaffarpur-842001.  E. mail: raageeva@gmail.com

Abstract : Mango the ‘king of fruits’ is an important tropical fruit crop of family Anacardiaceae, probably under cultivation since 4000 years, and possesses more than 1000 known cultivars in Indian subcontinent. However, the mango cultivation faces many problems viz. long juvenile period, irregular bearing of fruits,  fungal, bacterial diseases, loss of important germplasms and inconvenience in hybridization experiments which necessitates extensive studies. The effects of hostile changes in mango tree physiology and fruit production is another area of research which needs serious attention. The tools and techniques of plant biotechnology  offer reproducible and reliable protocols for somatic embryogenesis, regeneration of improved cultivars, micropropagation and  germplasm conservation of economically significant cultivars. In the present review, biology and biotechnology of Mangifera indica has been described with specific reference to morphogenetic studies and somatic embryogenesis in the  two endangered mango cultivars  var. Zardalu and var. Sepia endemic to Bihar State (India) for the first time.

Key words: Mango cultivars, Somatic embryo, Tissue culture
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12.  Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6293-6298 (2017)

Riboflavin metabolism: Current status and future possibilities: A review

 Dey, M. and Bandyopadhyay, D.

Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700 009.  E. mail: debasish63@gmail.com

Abstract: The role of riboflavin resides in its being the precursor of flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) and flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD), two coenzymes that are required for a wide variety of important oxidation-reduction reaction. The flavoproteins are involved at least peripherally in every metabolic pathway. For normal cellular functions, the concentration of FMN & FAD within the cell should be maintained at an optimum level. This depends upon the riboflavin metabolizing enzymes which converts riboflavin to FMN and FAD. There are several important works explaining the nature and mechanism of action of the enzymes involved in riboflavin metabolism. The flavoproteins are important component of the enzyme complexes involved in mitochondrial electron transport chain. The level of reduced glutathione in our body depends upon the riboflavin status. This indicates that for combating oxidative stress related disorders, the level of flavoproteins should be maintained at an optimum level. Besides, clinically riboflavin has several applications. Research supports the use of riboflavin and its metabolites (FMN and FAD) in amelioration of a wide number of clinical conditions.

Key words: Riboflavin, FMN, FAD.
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13.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6299-6306 (2017)

Significant association of legume-Rhizobia symbiosis: A review

 Khunt, M.D. and Mahatma, L.

Department of Plant Pathology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450 (Gujarat).
E. mail: mahatmalalit@yahoo.co.in,

Abstract: Many kind of relationship between the different organisms occur in nature. Among these, the symbiotic relationship between the Rhizobium sp and legumes is the most significant relationship. If this relationship would not have exist, certainly we would be million year behind in evaluation. This is the relationship which principally has lead to conversion of inorganic inert nitrogen in the ionic form and made available for the assimilation in the organic form by the plant. This was not only the driving force to evolve the legumes and establish as one of the largest family in the plant, but also has lead to the subsequent cumulative accumulation of nitrogen in the different tropic levels. Significant development has been takes place in the understanding this plant-microbe interactions since inception of biological world. Different native and potential isolates of Rhizobium sp.  have been explored from different parts of the world that can mitigate abiotic stress in plants like salinity, sodicity, acidity, temperature, heavy metals, etc. apart from nitrogen fixation. Symbiotic interaction between plant and Rhizobia can be enhanced by several conventional ways as well as genetic manipulations. Detail of the same has been discussed in the review.

Key words: Rhizobium, Legume, Symbiosis
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14.     Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(3) 6307-6314 (2017)

Male infertility owing to pesticide poisoning and antioxidant induced amelioration: A review

 Bhardwaj, J.K.,   Kumari, P., Saraf, P.,  Mittal, M.  and Yadav, A.S.

Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119 (Haryana).
E. mail: jkbkuk@gmail.com

Abstract: Male infertility is one of the greatest matter of concern as reproductive potential of an organism plays a pivotal role in maintaining growth of a particular population. But during last several decades there has been extensive use of pesticides, to fulfill the increasing population demands. These ever-increasing use of environmental contaminants has introduced various detrimental effects on male fertility. Several studies described the effects of pesticides and their mode of action either by inducing oxidative stress through the generation of free radicals, genotoxicity or through endocrine disruption both in in vitro and in vivo condition. This might be one of the reasons of pesticides contributing in male infertility. In addition, antioxidants serve as the most beneficial compounds in combating deleterious impact induced by different pesticides. This review compiles the degenerative effects of pesticides on male reproductive system and its physiology with the various modes of actions associated with it; it also focuses on the efficient role of antioxidants against pesticide poisoning. Along with this, it is also necessary to educate the farmers about pesticides safe use, and find out ecologically safe alternatives to pesticides exposure so as to minimize the male reproductive health risk.

Key words: Infertility; Pesticides; Antioxidant
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15.  Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(2) 6315-6321 (2017)

 Nanotechnology in drinking water purification:  A critical review

  Gupta, P.D.,  Muthukumar, A., Shilpa, V., Abubakar, G. and Sood, P.P.

 Adjunct Professor, Manipal University, Manipal, (Karnataka) E. mail:  pdg2000@hotmail.com

 Abstract: With rapidly growing economy and burgeoning population, the global water resources are seriously affected by pollution. However, for providing safe drinking water to people, novel innovative technology that can ensure total quality of drinking water is required. Nanotechnology emerges as a revolutionary technology that can helps to address key needs related to energy and environment. The environmental fate and toxicity of a nanomaterial is one of the major drawbacks of nanotechnology in using for water purification. To overcome these drawbacks, the novel nanotechnologies have been developed in recent years. In this article, an overview of advances in nanotechnology for water treatment processes is mentioned, including nanobased materials such as, nanoadsorbents, nanometals, nanomembranes, photocatalysts and some other novel techniques. 

Key words:  Nanotechnology; Water purification

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16,.  Journal of  Cell and Tissue Research 17(2) 6323-6334 (2017)

 

Molecular mechanism of disease resistance in plants: A review

Sahni, S., Prasad, B.D.,  Kumar, G. and Ranjan, T. 

Department of Plant Pathology, T.C.A., Dholi, Dr. Rajendra Central Agricultural University, Pusa  (Bihar). E. mail: dev.bishnu@gmail.com. (829) 806-2075 

Abstract: Plants are extremely important sources of food or energy for human beings. For this reason, reducing the pre- and post-harvest crop loss due to numerous diseases constitutes one of the most serious challenges for catching up with the nutritional needs of the continuously growing world population. Ever since Harold Flor, a geneticist who worked with flax plants and flax rust (a foliar disease), first outlined the gene-for-gene concept in the 1940s and 1950s, immense efforts have been made to develop low cost, environmentally-friendly approaches through engineering durable disease resistance in economically important crops instead of applying environmentally-harmful pesticides. Unfortunately, many of these attempts have failed. Until now, the control of plant disease has indeed been mainly dependent on pesticide application. Nevertheless, the development of sustainable agriculture requires better strategies for controlling plant diseases. The most promising way to generate a disease-resistant crop is most likely the manipulation of the target genes implicated in the induced resistance to pathogens or the signal transduction pathways controlling the expression of the defense-related genes. 

Key words: Disease resistance plants
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